Analysis of the Basketball Free Throw

Analysis of the Basketball Free Throw Analysis of the Basketball Free Throw Abstract The purpose of this paper is to analyze free throw shooting in basketball and to demonstrate the relationship between structural and functional anatomy and movement performance. This paper will discuss the muscles and actions that are important for the movement and how these muscles relate specifically to the movement outcome, limiting/facilitating joints and associated structures. Also discussed is the combination of muscle and joint motions important for movement success. We also briefly discuss the sources of movement failure. The final section of this paper will discuss how this movement is critical for success in sport and what happens with aging, disease, or injury that can compromise function and ability to perform the movement. Introduction The free throw shot is one the most important shots in basketball. In fact, around 20% of all points scored in the NCAA Division 1 are from free throws shots (Kozar, Vaughn, Lord, Whitfield, Dve 243-248). The importance of this shot increases later in the game, because free throws tend to comprise greater percentage of the points that are scored in the last 5 minutes than the initial 35 minutes by either the wining or the losing team (Kozar et al., 123-129). The free throw shot is considered as the easiest shot for a professional basketball player, as the player stands alone, 15 feet away from the hoop with no defense or distraction. The player needs to get ready target, prime the ball and shoot (Okubo Hubbard, 2006). A successful free throw shot requires deep concentration, and most importantly good mechanics to take a perfect shot. While a free throw shot does not seem like an action that needs a lot of movement, muscle groups and joints in a body work together in isotonic contractions, utilizing multiple muscle groups in creating the movement. A free throw shot engages elbow, hip and ankle extensors in addition to wrist and shoulder flexors. In the case of the knees, the joints are hinged and the movement starts with a flexion, preparing for the free throw. Quadriceps and hamstrings become the antagonist and the agonist. This movement happens as you utilize knee flexion so that the muscles work in pairs. Hamstring contraction pulls the joints which makes the individuals bend their knees. The next movement after the flexion is the knee extension. When the shooter releases the ball, the quadriceps is the agonist and the hamstring is the antagonist. The upper body sequence would be: extension of trunk, shoulder flexion that will follow extension of elbow and wrist flexion. A common error during the shot is perfor ming shoulder flexion and elbow extension at once, so that the elbow extension contributes less in taking the shot and is combined with the shoulder flexion rather than adding to the hand velocity. As the ball is brought up with use of both hands, it passes directly in the front of shooter’s eyes and the shot is aimed with the eyes underneath the basketball (Alexander 9). When the trunk moves from its flexed position to an extension, the upward movement of trunk would push down on the lumbar vertebrae, pushing down on the sacroiliac joints, which in turn will push down on the body’s hip joints. Knee joints respond to downward force transmitted by the hips by producing a greater knee flexion. Players who, for various reasons, do not have the needed trunk flexion in this stage of the free throw shot would decrease their ability to load their legs for the shot and consequently might end up losing full contribution of leg extension from the deeply flexed position to free throw. It has been suggested that trunk extension can help in triggering more forceful moment of knee extension. Additionally, a deeper trunk extension produces added hyperextension at the neck area helping the shooter to retain the focus on the rim (Oddsson 109-118). Following the release of the ball, the final phase of a shot, the follow through, occurs. During this time, all joints continue moving through the end of its full motion range following the release of the ball. In a skilled follow through, both legs fully extend and the toes points towards the floor. The trunk is aligned vertically with shooting hip, ankle and the knee. Additionally it aligns with the shooting arm’s joints, bringing the upper and lower extremities into harmony (Alexander, 16). The angle of the shooting shoulder should be somewhere between 140-150degrees of the shoulder flexion. Generally, the closer the shooting arm is to vertical, the greater the amount of vertical force that is applied to the shot. The trunk is often rotated away from shooting hand. This helps in lining up the shooting shoulder and the arm with the rim. This trunk rotation would happen at the moment the ball is released from the shooter’s hand (Alexander, 18). In cases when the ball gets released too late or too early, the ball’s velocity would not optimize as the elbow and wrist joints speed up or slow down rather than staying in the peak velocity. The wrist flexion provides the ultimate thrust for releasing the ball and helps in determining both the angle of projection and velocity of the ball (Martin 127-133).A common failure in free throw technique occurs when joint range of motion does not reach its end point and stops movement early, before the release of the shot, resulting in a decreased velocity of the basketball at the release. As far as joint movement pattern is concerned, there is not a huge difference between the success rate of the shot and the angle of the joint from where the ball is being shot. But, some dissimilarity can be found that could possibly determine the success of scoring a basket. One such dissimilarity is the joint’s peak angular velocity involved in the free throw. The knee, hip and the ankle joints have a higher peak angular velocity in comparison between successful and unsuccessful free throws. Distinctively, the angular velocity of the upper body joints during successful attempts have a lower peak angular velocity than that of missed shots. Additionally, proximal joints that are found closer to the hub and trunk of the body are utilized earlier than the distal joints more commonly associated with the free throw. In sum, movement and energy start from the core and work their way outward towards the distal extremities. Full range of elbow movement relates to greater success in free throw shots. However, it should be noted that this is also accompanied by a slight flexion in individual’s shooting elbow which occurs around mid-range and not at the full extension. By allowing the shooter’s wrist to remaining between full flexion and full extension during the release, maximum velocity can be achieved when the basketball is released (Alexander 10). Unsuccessful shots are often associated with periods of longer muscle activation. Measurement conducted with use electromyography suggests that muscle tension needs to be minimal at the release for successful free throw shooting. Shots that require the least amount of energy expended during the release are the easiest for controlling and have the highest probability for success (Huston Grau 49-64). In addition, height of release is also found to be crucial in success of the shot, as successful shots are related to height ratio that is calculate d by comparison of the shooter’s standing height to the shooter’s release height. The rule is: ‘The higher the release height, the better the shot’ (Hudson 242-251). There are some errors that turn out to be common in Free throw shooting for most individuals. One such reason is poor alignment that happens when shooters fail in lining up the shooting side knee, hip, shoulder and elbow with a line through the ball towards the basket. Another common reason is lack of backspin that happens when players apply side spin during the release or avoid any spin at the time of release. Having low arc on the shot makes players, who have insufficient shoulder trunk or elbow extension, flexion at the time of release making the ball release too flat. Relaxation of the shooting arm is needed at time of shot, with only active mover muscles needing to be contracted while complimentary muscles should be relaxed and loose. Full follow through is important as players need to finish their in the goose full-neck position of their shooting hand with arms pointing towards the ceiling and hands pointing at the basket. Some other reasons for failure are interference of non- shooting hand, shooting ball too hard, high tension on the shooting arm, taking off the shot angle and leaning at the time of release (Alexander 17-18). As mentioned in the introduction, free throw shot are considered as some of the easiest shots for a professional basketball player to make. However, a decline in performance is witnessed in the free throw attempts of basketball athletes in their post-injury and aging days. This drop-off in free throw attempt numbers is also demonstrated in abysmal shot rates, plummeting usage rates and inability to create their own offense. Taken as a whole there is an expected and obvious drop in the efficiency of almost all athletes as they get grow old and start sustaining injuries. The reason behind this is simple physiology, as the body starts aging the ligaments and tendons start losing water, making them less elastic and more fragile. Knee troubles are common trouble for most experienced and newly retired basketball players as with age knee troubles start to disturb athletes (Wagner). Conclusion Every muscle in human body comprises of a network of fibers that are responsible for certain types of movements. When a human body engages in playing a game like basketball, these muscle fibers start to make the movements in conjunction with directions from your brain. This is seen functions like dribbling, running, passing, catching, rebounding, dunking and of course hitting free throws. The actions taken causes muscle contractions, that is, specific movement to lengthen, shorten and stay the same. While the free throw shot does not seem like an action that needs a lot of movement, muscle groups and joints in the body work together in isotonic contractions, creating the movement and allowing the body to perform even the most routine and fundamental actions. Works Cited Kozar, B., Vaughn, R. E., Lord, R. H., Whitfield, K. E. Basketball free-throw performance: practice implications. Journal of Sport Behavior. 18.2 (1995): 123-129. Kozar, B., Vaughn, R. E., Lord, R. H., Whitfield, K. E., Dve, B. â€Å"Importance of free throws at various stages of basketball games†. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 78.1 (1994): 243-248. Okubo, H., Hubbard, M. (2006). Dynamics of the basketball shot with application to the free throw. Journal of Sport Sciences, 24(12), 1303-1314. Alexander, M. Mechanics of the Basketball Free Throw. University of Manitoba. umanitoba.ca, n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2014. Hess, C. â€Å"Analysis of the jump shot†. Athletic Journal, 61.3 (1980): 30-32. Martin, T. P. â€Å"Movement analysis applied to the basketball jump shot†. Physical Educator, 38.3 (1981): 127-133. Huston, R. L., Grau, C. A. â€Å"Basketball shooting strategies- the free throw, direct shot and layup†. Sports Engineering. 6.1 (2003): 49-64. Oddsson, L. â€Å"Co-ordination of a simple voluntary multi-joint movement with postural demands: trunk extension in standing man†. Acta Physiol Scand. 134.1 (1988): 109-118. Hudson, J. L. â€Å"Coordination of segments in the vertical jump†. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 18.2 (1986): 242-251. Wagner, K. â€Å"How An Achilles Tear Affects NBA Players (Or, Why Kobe Is Screwed)†. Regressing. regressing.deadspin.com. 15 Apr 2013. Web. 10 Mar 2014.

Examine the argument that desirable neighbouring

Examine the argument that desirable neighboring is characterized by both distance and proximity BY Repossessions Examine the argument that desirable neighboring Is characterized by both distance and proximity This essay will examine the attributes of desirable neighboring, looking at the characteristics and unwritten rules of good neighboring, how material life shapes social identities and social order to regulate and control the distance and proximity between neighbors. Secondly, personal and social identities are discussed and how these affect the interaction with neighbors.Thirdly, tensions around different cultural social rules are considered and the effect of these different rules has on desirable neighboring. Lastly, causes and effects of neighborly disputes are examined while also looking at how these broken connections are remade. Qualitative data Is used as evidence to support this analysis, this type of data Is given In a non-numerical format, usually gathered from an Inter view or survey form, as well as using observations by the researcher.Desirable neighboring is described as the balance between preserving the connection with neighbors, examining their eternal lives of how, where and when they interact with their neighbors, while maintaining a suitable proximity and respecting their ‘need for privacy' (Wolcott, cited in Taylor, 2009, p. 173). Byword (2009, p. 254) compares desirable neighboring too ‘slow dance', whereby neighbors should preserve their proximity to each other, while not getting too close or be too distant, in order to stay connected with each other. This type of social behavior is unwritten and learned through solicitation (Byword, 2009, p. 54), whereby individuals observe and follow the norms of acceptable behavior (Withering, 2009, p. 0). Harold Garfield (cited In Taylor, 2009, p. 173) argues that social life Is fluid, continually changing whereby Individuals constantly adapt to preserve the balance of social order In t he neighborhood. Harris and Gale (cited in Byword, 2009, p. 255) identified that neighbors communicated primarily outside of the home' in what was perceived as public space, and ‘not in the home' which could be perceived as ‘over-neighboring' by infringing on their neighbors personal space.Nevertheless, the purpose to provide social structure is still the same. However, social rules can be caused by mistrust and the need for power and control. Stanley Branded (cited in Byword, 2009, p. 260) explains that in Spain, desirable neighboring requires individuals to be close, both socially and physically. For example, he observed that neighbors leave their front doors open and neighbors come and go from each other's houses without hesitation, whereas the qualities of ‘not being intrusive' and ‘reserved' were seen as suspicious and rude.However, this proximity and closeness was used as form of surveillance and control. Different social rules can lead to inequalities and unequal connections, some neighbors might be excluded for not adhering to the expected social rules or not being able to participate (Taylor, 2009, p. 158). The boundaries of good neighboring are unwritten and are subjective interpretation, which can therefore lead to disputes (Byword, 2009, p. 263). Elizabeth Stoke (cited in Byword, 2009, p. 64) examined how a neighbor's intimate noises were intruding into the other neighbor's private space. The main issue was that the neighbor was not seen to be considerate by minimizing the noise, which was intruding into the other neighbor's private space. Steps were taken to repair the social order using mediation. This is an example of how social order can be broken and repaired, but the neighbor's relationship was not completely the same as fore which highlights the fluidity of social life and how it changes.To summaries, material life can connect and disconnect neighbors, desirable neighborliness does not only include social and physical distance and proximity, but also how an individual presents themselves and is therefore perceived by their neighbors (Byword, 2009, p. 258). Taylor (2009, p. 171) argues that personal identity is not fixed and includes multiple identities. One of which is their social identity of being a neighbor, which is made and remade as individuals adapt to the fluidity of social life.Additionally, different cultures have different social rules and expectations around desired neighboring, which can cause tension and inequality. Intern, this can lead to disputes to arise leading to a break in social order, different social rules control creating differences and inequality in social order and life (Taylor, 2009, p. 291). Byword (2009, p. 254) compares desirable neighboring to a ‘slow dance', requiring neighbors to change and adapt to the differences and inequalities of social life, to make and repair social order created from this.

An Honest View of Descriptive Essay Writing Samples

An Honest View of Descriptive Essay Writing Samples Getting creative and descriptive can occasionally be a challenge. Templates like Descriptive Essay about Office can be beneficial for an individual who's planning to go to an office. Descriptive Narrative Essay Example may be used mainly to recreate a function. Colleges will should observe a transcript. You'll be assigned a topic. You should pick a topic that you're interesting in. Our company is about to supply you with help and advices in writing. Therefore, many students and employees decide to purchase inexpensive essay rather than writing it themselves. If you wish to create a descriptive essay about your own personal experience, it might be unusual and specific. A personality you want to resemble. For the invention of a descriptive essay, you ought to have a strong observation capacity. Therefore, below are some basic methods to assist you in writing of good descriptive essay. All the steps ought to be familiar to one another. The different stages in the creation of the essay has to be evident to the reader. The essay needs to be well-written and well balanced bit of writing. Your essay should be structured in a fashion that helps your topic to earn sense. Descriptive essay always includes creative writing, even when topic appears to be dull and boring at first. Inside my experience, descriptive essays are only difficult in regards to deciding just what things to write about. Descriptive Essay Writing Samples at a Glance At length, the conclusion paragraph creates an overview of the entirety of your essay. Occasionally a guideline will be there with every one of the assignments. It is preferable to select complex terms with the wide definition. There's a conventional descriptive essay format that should be followed. Simply take any beneficial or negative feedback as a way to make your next essay the better. Though, there are particular patterns that you are supposed to follow when you compose a descriptive essay. A descriptive essay should be thorough, and cover all very important elements of the topic you opt for. Generally, unless otherwise noted, it is intended to be written towards a layman's audience in other words, an audience that has no prior knowledge of the concept or topic you are writing on. Other forms of information which colleges might start looking for is slightly more varied. A reading list is simply a list of books your student has read. Most commonly, students are requested to prepare a descriptive customized coursework UK. Some students believe that they can write great descriptive essays regardless of what their topics are. You can't ever be too thorough when it has to do with reading the essay over again and checking for any locations that ought to be reworked. Again, keep in mind that you're writing to an audience free of awareness of the subject upon which you're writing. One of the greatest tips on essay writing one can give is to take care so that you remain on subject. The presented topics can ordinarily be classified into two divisions. Generally the toughest part of developing a descriptive essay is picking the topic. The ideal way to learn to compose a descriptive essay is to realize the audience you're speaking to and the process that you'll need to go through as a way to cover all bases of your topic. In the event the subject of your essay is passive solar lighting, it may seem like an intriguing notion to bring a bit about the advantages of earth contact homes as a way of getting the most level of passive solar lighting, but you can readily get off subject and spend a whole lot of time discussing something pretty unrelated in the minds of your layman audience. The intent of using descriptive essay is to produce a colorful picture of things which are around us.

Synothic Problem Free Essay Example, 1750 words

On the other hand, other authors do believe otherwise. This was evident in the statement of Mark Goodacre; according to the writer: â€Å"This way of reading the Gospel is not simply a recent and popular development. It is the way in which they have been read for most of their history. It proceeds in part from an embarrassment that there should be four Gospels in the Bible and not one. If we are to think of ‘gospel truth’ and the reliability of Scripture, there might seem to be a problem in the fact that the first four books in the New Testament announce themselves as the Gospels According to Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. †6 The problems that other scholars are pertaining to are just in reference to the possible questions and emerging explanations between the relationships of the gospels. When thoroughly analyzing the three gospels, they are not similar word per word. They also tell the stories or the events of the life of Jesus in different ways. Since there are 3 different gospels written by 3 different apostles, it is not impossible that, though they see the same things and write about it, there are interpretations and terminologies which would not synch in one way or the other. Even if the gospels are said to be synoptic, or are seen as similar, its writers do have different ways of telling and conveying a story to future readers. We will write a custom essay sample on Synothic Problem or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Another point that should be considered when analyzing the synoptic gospels is the fact that there have been numerous versions of the Bible available to the present generation of scholars. Moreover, the Bible was written in a different language as compared to the languages of today’s Bibles (the translations). 7 The differences and discrepancies found in the synoptic gospels are further backed up by various scholars who believe that these variations are just facts which do not affect the reliability and credibility of the Scriptures. As Bratcher detailed: This allowed the development of critical methodologies for the investigation of Scripture that included a careful and detailed reading of the biblical texts for what they actually said apart from the doctrines that told people what they should mean. This did not deny the authority of the Bible as the inspired word of God. In fact, it affirmed it even more strongly. But it did allow the biblical text to be seen as something more than a repository of timeless and unchanging truths written by the finger of God. 8 The more the scriptures are being questioned, the more these scholars believe that what was written in the text is true.